3.1 The Sun as a thermoelement
KFKI-1996-02/C
Content
1.0 Questions
1.1 Earth
1.1.1 Climate catastrophe
1.1.2 Tectonics
1.1.3 Venus
1.1.4 Mars
1.1.5 Jupiter and Saturn
1.1.6 Comets
1.1.7 T-Tauri stars
1.2 Sun
1.2.1 The Sun as a process
1.2.2 Solar wind
1.3 Mathematics
2.0 Why is the flux of cosmic rays higher in sunspot-minimum?
3.0 What releases the stellar wind?
4.0 Downloads
A number after a question shows the page(s) of the book The Electric Universe
on which the answer is to be found.
A fat number shows a picture. Fat letters show an important question. The questions
below will reveal that this thick book is the sum of many short papers. All
of them became explicable through the recognizing of the role of the electric
force in the Universe. Therefore these models complete and prove each other.
The specialists know that the present, non-electric astronomy cannot answer
many questions - e.g. „What is the cause of the jets of the T-Tauri stars
? “ S&T 1999 Jan.p.40. Mostly, an answer was missing in the past in
the case of antigravitational motions due to electric repulsion (e.g. wind,
corona, flare, CME, jets). Questions have now an answer also in the cases of
the electric attraction (e.g. slow solar wind, helmet streamers, cosmic rays,
flux tubes, solar loops in almost horizontal layers). Let us start with the
most important investigation of our future:
What is the common factor of the lava-whirls in the Earth and of the solar
whirls ? 400
Why are the terrestrial and solar magnetic fields nearly parallel to the rotational
axes ? 400
Why are the ridges mostly in the depth of the oceans ? 401-404, 402, 403, 404
Which theory of tectonics did the rotation of the Earth take into account ?
72-76
Why does the Earth not have bigger volcanoes than Mars ? 407
Why is Eurasia the biggest continent ? 414
Why are all oceans deeper southwards ? 410
Why are the south of the continents narrow ? 410
Why are more oceans on the southern hemisphere ? 410
Why do the ridges cross the equator mainly perpendicularly ? 402, 403, 406
Why was the global magnetic field almost parallel or antiparallel to the ridges
? 407
Why does a ridge exist around Antarctica , but none around the northern Pole
? 402, 408
Why do the plates move ? 404, 405, 409
Why are ridges fortunately not in the vicinity of the subduction ? 402, 403,
413
Why is the young Pacific-plate smooth but the old one wavy ? 403, 415, 413
Why do the plates not sink continuously, but suddenly ? 404, 415, 412
Why do the plates sink below the continents ? 402, 412
Why do most of the subduction-zones lie in a north-south direction ? 412, 404,
405, 415
Why does the Atlantic ridge consist of about 140 north-south elements ? 402,
403, 412
Why does the Atlantic ocean not have subduction-zones ? 412, 402, 415
Why is the Pacific ocean larger than the Atlantic ocean ? 414, 415
Was the cavity of the Pacific ocean originally filled by the matter of the Moon
? 415
Did Pangea exist ? 414, 415
Why do both longest ridges emerge from the ocean near the North Pole ? 414,
402
Why does Venus not have ridges ? 410, 411
Why does Venus not have a magnetic field ? 409, 411
How can the atmosphere of Venus rotate so quickly ? 400, 391
Why is the velocity of the quick atmosphere zero on the surface ? 400
Why does Mars have no ridges ? 407-408
Why does Mars have the biggest volcanoes in the solar system ? 407
Why do Jupiter and Saturn have strong magnetic fields ? 417
What can be the cause of the differential rotation of these Planets ? 385-386,
386, 394
Why is the differential rotation exactly perpendicular to the rotational axis
?
Why does the ion-tail point in antisolar direction ? 515-517, 519
Why does the „plasma-tail“ not follow the solar, nonradial „frozen-in“
field ? 452, 453
What is the origin of the ions of a comet ? 516, 515-519
Could a temperature of 4.6 MK of unknown origin cause the ions of Hyakutake
? 516, 517
Why did the small Tsuchiya Kiuchi emit X ray in 1990 as strong as Hyakutake
in 1996 ? 515
How can the ion-tail consist of million km long filaments ? 519, 453, 515-519
Why are the filaments of the ion tail not unified or mixed by the solar wind
? 453, 519, 517
Why is the „antigravity“ of the tail-ions 20 times stronger than the
solar gravity ? 517
What is the cause of the axial jets of the T-Tauri stars ? 644-646, 647
Why are the jets thin ? 78-80, 86, 368, 485, 644-646, 647,
Why does „neutral matter from the accretion disc“ follow the axial
magnetic field ? 664
Why do the jets have a circular cross-section ? 644-646, 647 (cf. “flat
jet“:339)
Why does the diameter of a jet slowly increase as it gets longer ? 644-647
Why are the material emissions not globular, similar to those of Eta Carinae
84, 644-647
Why are the jets aligned to the rotational axis ? 644-647
How can the star HH 34 eject only one jet since 200 years ? 644-646, 647
How can the star HH 34 eject a jet without an accretion disc ? 644-646, 647
Why are the knots in one jet not in the same distances from the star as those
in the another jet ? 644
How can young stars constantly emit X ray 10 000 times above the solar level
? 646
Does any recent measurement show a stable Sun ? 96, 96-97
Is the solar rotation stable ? 60, 59-61, 132-142,
Is the solar diameter stable ? 62, 63, 149, 143-149
Is the solar irradiation stable ? 50, 349-352
Is the solar oscillation stable ? 152, 153
Did GALLEX exactly follow the decay of the radioactive As in 1997 ? 653
Is the solar neutrino flux stable ? 116-132, 53, 129, 141, 149, 653
Is the measured power of the solar core equal to the solar luminosity ? 116-132
Why are the solar non-magnetic parameters - e.g. the diameter - often shown
interpolated as curves ? 50, 53, 60, 62, 63, 96, 129, 141, 149, 152, 153, 653
Why do the curves of the non-magnetic parameters suggest a sunspot-periodicity
? 50, 53, 60,
Is any realized current-circuit of the „solar dynamo“ known ? 285,
657
Is any estimation of the electric-current, -voltage, -power of the „solar
dynamo“ known ? 273
Does the poloid field - as „raw matter of the dynamo“ - have a clear
model ? 163
Is the differential rotation - as „drive of the dynamo“ clear ? 417-
429
„How does the differential rotation react to the creation of the field
?„ (Vial ) 289, 417 - 429,
„Where exactly is the „ dynamo“ situated ?“ (Vial 1994)
21
How did the dynamo get started ? 284
Is the positive feedback of the solar dynamo clear ? 287
Did SOHO find the „solar dynamo“ or any of the „deep flux tubes“
? 313
How can the „dynamo“ „produce“ big sunspots and also 150
km thin flux tubes ? 377
How can the „dynamo“ produce 1 million km thick flux tubes ? 550 -
551
How can the „dynamo“ produce and store many thick flux tubes ? 550
- 551
How can the „dynamo“ produce 20 thick and radial flux tubes simultaneously
? 550-551
Which „dynamo“ produces the flux tubes of the comets ? 453
Which „dynamo“ produces the flux tubes of Abell 30 ? 269
Which „dynamo“ produces the flux tubes of supernova-remnants ? 662
Which „dynamo“ produces the gigatesla field of the neutron stars ?
679
Which „dynamo“ produces the long and thin magnetic field of the radiogalaxies
? 667, 669
Which „dynamo“ produces the filaments of the superclusters ? 641
What releases the solar wind ? 9-14, 20, 21,
Gravity ? Nuclear forces ? Magnetic force ? 436-438, 437,
Magnetics, perhaps via MHD-waves ? 444 - 446,
Why did SOHO not find the source of the MHD-waves ? 445
Can the coronal heat be the source of the solar wind ? 19-23, 98, 438-443, 440
Is the solar wind neutral, positive or negative ? 19-23, 68-72, 71, 446-463
Why is the solar wind invisible in all wavelengths ? 524
Why are coronal holes „holes“ ? 463
Why does the solar wind have a velocity of about 750 km/s ? 464
Why do the coronal holes mostly appear near the poles ? 465
Why does the wind seem to have a temperature over 1 MK ? 466
Why does SOHO show oxygen ions of 100 MK in the solar wind ? 467-469
Where is the „coronium light“ in the aurora ? 469
Why is the solar wind not 40 MK hot ? 469
Why are the polar streamers thinner outwards ? 470-472, 470
Why do the polar streamers strongly diverge ? 472-473, 474
Why did Ulysses find ions in the wind in a 5 minute-rhythm ? 473
Why does the Sun have helmet streamers in sunspot-minimums ? 473-477, 474, 477
How can the helmet-streamers be asymmetrical to the solar equator ? 477, 478
How can helmet streamers exist in close vicinity to each other ? 479
Why are polar streamers thin but helmet streamers thick ? 479
Why is the coronal hole black in X ray but bright in 1083.0 nm ? 80, 15, 480
Why are coronal holes black but the corona bright in X ray ? 31
Why are all coronal holes equally black in X ray ? 15, 80, 92,188, 190, 297,
501, 504, 480
Does the solar wind have a „supersonic“ speed ? 484
Did Ulysses detect the solar explosions ? 485
Why is the solar wind not braked by the gravity and by its expansion ? 488,
495
How can the solar wind „blast“ within seconds ? 491
What is the cause of the slow and fast the winds ? 492, 495
Why does the „polar wind“ have a high velocity ? 494, 495, 496
Why was the solar wind constantly very slow at Jupiter ? 497, 495, 498
Did Ulysses observe the Jovian electron torus ? 498,499, 500
Did Ulysses observe a CME ? 499, 500
Why did the solar wind „flow“ faster and faster in 1993 ? 504, 502-506,
506
Why does the wind-curve show the solar rotation distinctly ? 504, 507, 507-508
Why was the wind slow (350km/s) in the ecliptics in 1995 ? 499, 501, 504 508-510
Why did Ulysses find quick reversals of the solar poloid field ? 510-512
Why does the „magnetic field frozen-in in the wind“ alternate ? 513,
514, 512
Why do the coronal holes have a unipolar magnetic field ? 518
Why did two large coronal holes appear in 1974 ? 493, 507, 522, 523, 520-524
How can coronal holes rotate rigidly ? 522, 523, 521-524
Why does the aurora not appear in sunspot-minimum ? 524
Why do the aurora simultaneously appear on both poles of planets ? 24
Why are only few positive ions in the coronal holes ? 18
Why is the flux of the cosmic rays higher in sunspot-minimum ? 93, 95, 19,
Several of such questions are answered in only 1-2 pages in their related chapters:
| solar and planetar poloid fields | flux tubes |
| corona | sunspots |
| flares | flare stars |
| radiogalaxies | gamma ray bursts |
| supernovae | solar loops |
| cosmology |
Some last questions at the chapter Mathematics dealing with the birth, life and death of neutron stars are given here:
How can free protons cover the neutron body during the implosion ? 678
Why can a positive neutron star not produce more than about 30 gigatesla ? 678
- 680
How can a neutron star have the probably highest voltage of the Universe of
+1025 V ? 685
Why do the youngest neutron stars have the highest voltage and highest magnetic
field ? 689
How does a neutron star produce the particles of the cosmic rays ? 685 - 686
How does a neutron star accelerate the particles of the cosmic rays ? 685 -
686
Why can a shock front not accelerate the cosmic rays to almost light velocity
? 688
Why can enclosed protons produce magnetic and rotational changes breaking out
? 687 - 688
How can a neutron star release all functions of a soft gamma repeater ? 689
Forbush discovered, 5 decades ago, that the flux of cosmic rays is anticorrelated
to the solar activity. It is almost proportional to the sum of the areas of
the coronal holes (2.02).
The particles of cosmic rays are atom-nuclei with almost light velocity. They
are atoms without electrons: e.g. C VII, O IX, but surprisingly, the cosmic
rays contain much less than 90% protons and only about 1% alpha-particles and
1% electrons (CA 1994 p. 322). In chapter M, the electric origin of the cosmic
rays at the neutron star is described. This model explains these strange abundances
and almost pure (>99%) positive charge.
In sunspot-minimum, the solar surface is made strongly negative by the thermoelement-electrons,
because, few positive ions appear in X ray bright points and in other coronal
fields. (These ions neutralize a huge amount of the free thermoelement-electrons
in sunspot-maximum.) In minimum, the mostly negative solar surface attracts
the positive particles of the cosmic rays, electrically, even those from long
distances, from light-weeks away. Also those positive particles which would
have bypassed a neutral Sun, hit the negative Sun. The cosmic ray flux will
be high (2.02) on the Sun and naturally also on the Earth. In the Maunder Minimum,
the cosmic ray flux was maximum in the last two millenia (4.59-4.60), shown
by 14C in tree rings (5.03).
The explanation with “a magnetic dispersion” of the perfectly dispersed
cosmic rays will be refuted later (2.03-2.04).
3.1 The Sun as a thermoelement |
In the solar core of about 15 MK, the electrons (small spheres with zig-zag velocity arrows) have an average thermal velocity of 26 000 km/s (equation 1). The protons (points) are much slower. The thermal electron-velocity is only 510 km/s on the surface according to the Boltzmann-law. The result is that the hot particles and the strong photons continually push out the electrons from the core. The surfaced electrons hardly find a way back. The HRD-stars are similar to an atom: their small but heavy core is made positive (++) by the lost electrons and the big body is made negative by the electrons which wander to the surface, see big “minus” signs. (Particles are not shown between core and surface.) |
 3.2 The electric circuit of the stellar thermoelement |
A very small amount from the 0.6 x 1060 core-electrons are pumped by the temperature difference from the core (left) through the plasma (line) into the infinite space as stellar wind (right). This solar thermoelement delivers a negative direct current of -1014 A into space from its negative pole (on the right) since gigayears. This electric wind drags-along light matter (hydrogen, 4% helium, protons, alpha particles but no magnesium (see Ulysses) and no heavy elements. This is the negatively charged solar wind (see chapter 4.5). |
| Download script | Post Script 370kB |  PDF 154kB |